基于3S技术的森林城市景观结构分析

以福建省永安市为研究对象,基于3S技术手段,运用景观分析软件Fragstats4.1,计算不同水平上不同景观要素的特征值,对永安市现有城市景观和城市森林景观在类型水平和景观水平上的景观格局进行研究。结果表明:研究区各景观类型分布较为均匀,不存在明显的优势主体;城市森林整体分布不够均衡,研究区还未形成生态功能较为完善的城市森林结构。研究结果可为地区森林城市建设的可持续发展提供决策支持。     

Growth change of young Picea sitchensis in response to deer browsing

Taking advantage of the introduction of the black-tailed deer to the Queen Charlotte Islands (British Columbia, Canada), we used dendrochronological analyses to understand the consequences of deer browsing on Sitka spruce growth. We compared shape, radial growth, height growth and age of young spruce in three sites. We identified two types of trees growing side by side: (1) stunted and heavily browsed spruce, smaller than the browsing limit and (2) escaped spruce that were taller than the browsing limit but still browsed in their lower part. The compact and heavily ramified shape in stunted spruce was the result of repeated and intense browsing. In escaped spruce this was also the case below the browsing limit (1.16 m±0.07 m), in sharp contrast with the normal shape that escaped spruce resumed above the browsing limit. We show that the release of browsing pressure, once the tree reaches the browsing limit, is characterised by an abrupt increase in radial growth. Before release, trees show a growth stagnation characterized by narrow rings (0.5 mm per year) and small annual height increments (<5 cm per year). After release, trees show a growth stabilisation characterised by wider rings (3 mm per year) and larger annual height increments (20 cm per year). We use this pattern to estimate frequency and age at release and their possible variation over time. Age differences between stunted and escaped spruce are highly significant and indicate that, despite of browsing, most if not all trees will ultimately reach the browsing limit and escape. Heavy deer pressure (30 deer per km²) delays spruce sapling recruitment by about 8 years. This delay varies in relation to site quality and seems to have increased over time, suggesting an increase in browsing pressure.     

森林结构调查最小面积的研究

采用4块100m×100m的天然林样地材料,分别利用角尺度和双相关函数分析4块大样地中不同面积的窗口(小样地)对应林木个体的空间分布格局。结果表明,小样地面积不同其对应林木的空间分布格局也不同,随着样地面积逐渐变大,对应林木的空间分布格局趋于稳定,这意味着森林结构分析必须在一定大小的样地上进行。根据本研究资料,样地面积最小应为2500m2。     

崇州林场柳杉人工林空间结构研究

崇州林场的植被主要是柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)人工纯林。为了定量地描述林分的空间结构,调查共设置6个50 m×50 m固定标准样地,对样地中的林木进行每木检尺并绘出它们的坐标位置。研究运用了角尺度参数来量化林木分布的均匀性(即空间分布格局);大小比数来测度树木间的优势度分化,也为种群在林分中的相对地位提供了有益的信息。而混交度则通过参照树周围最近的几株相邻木与其不同种个体所占的比例,来表征林分的物种多样性。借此以单木为基础的结构参数所描述的林分空间混交度、林木大小(胸径)分化程度以及群聚程度,使得定量比较那些具有复杂结构的林分也变得简单易行。这无疑有助于林地的可持续经营和生态管护。     

The use of vegetable phytometers in the evaluation of the potential response of understorey crops to the aerial environment in an interculture system

Carrots, onions, radishes and peas, growing in pots were placed at various locations in a pear orchard and used as phytometers to characterise the aerial environment. The growth of plants growing beneath the orchard canopy was not significantly less than that of phytometers grown in the open. However, the bulb diameter of radish and onion was significantly reduced when growing immediately beneath pear trees. Radish was selected as a suitable phytometer for further research.     

Effect of pruning intensities of three woody leguminous species grown in alley cropping with maize and cowpea on an alfisol

Field trials were carried out on an Oxic Paleustalf in the humid zone of southwestern Nigeria withLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit,Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. andSesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. alley cropped with maize and cowpea. The three leguminous woody species were grown in hedgerows spaced at 2 m. Trials were carried out one year after establishment of the hedgerows using a split-plot design with four replications. TheLeucaena trial had twenty pruning combinations consisting of five pruning heights (25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 cm) and four pruning frequencies (monthly, bi-, tri- and six-monthly). TheGliricidia andSesbania hedgerows were subjected to nine pruning intensities consisting of three pruning heights (25, 50 and 100 cm) and three pruning intensities (monthly, tri- and six-monthly).For the three woody species, biomass, dry wood and nitrogen yield from the hedgerow prunings increased with decreasing pruning frequency and increasing pruning height. Biomass, dry wood and nitrogen yields were in the following orderLeucaena >Gliricidia >Sesbania.The various pruning intensities had no effect on survival ofLeucaena plants. Pruning frequency had a larger effect than pruning height on survival ofGliricidia andSesbania plants. With monthly pruning, about 25 percent of theGliricidia and all of theSesbania plants died within six months of repeated pruning. Even with lower pruning frequencySesbania plants showed lower survival rates thanGliricidia orLeucaena.The various pruning intensities of all the hedgerow species had more pronounced effects on the grain yield of the alley cropped cowpea than on maize grain yield. Higher maize and cowpea yields were obtained with increasing pruning frequency and decreasing pruning height.IITA Journal paper number 335     

The Chagga homegardens: a multistoried agroforestry cropping system on Mt. Kilimanjaro (Northern Tanzania)

The homegardens are characterised by an intensive integration of numerous multipurpose trees and shrubs with food crops and animals, simultaneously on the same unit of land.The Chagga are skilled farmers with an intimate knowledge of the crops and their ecological requirements. They have a good idea of functions/uses of the plant species on their farms. The large species diversity provides both subsistence and cash crops. It enables the farmer to keep his management options open and provides insurance against drought, pest and economic risks.     

Growth of four tree species managed as hedgerows in response to liming on an acid soil in West Sumatra,Indonesia

A hedgerow intercropping study was conducted for 7 years in West Sumatra, Indonesia on an acid and highly Al-saturated soil to determine growth and yield responses of tree hedgerows and upland rice and cowpea intercrops. Three tree species,Paraserianthes falcataria, Calliandra calothyrsus, andGliricidia sepium and a no-tree control were planted at three lime rates with low annual fertilizer inputs of 20 kg P and 50 kg K ha^–1.Paraserianthes andCalliandra grew vigorously, whileGliricidia grew poorly and was replaced after four years withFlemingia macrophylla. After four years,Paraserianthes yields declined due to tree mortality, probably due to intensive pruning.Calliandra andFlemingia were well adapted to intensive pruning (4 to 6 times per year). Gliricidia growth was especially limited by low soil Ca availability and high soil acid saturation.Calliandra andFlemingia yields increased with liming only in the last several years of the study whileParaserianthes did not respond to lime. The species can be tentatively ranked in response to lime as:Gliricidia > Calliandra > Flemingia > Paraserianthes.     

Nitrogen mineralization patterns of leaf-twig mixtures from tropical leguminous trees

Green manure applications in alley cropping systems often include twigs despite their potential to absorb (immobilize) nitrogen (N). To assess the impact of twigs on net N mineralization or immobilization from hedge row cuttings, we separated cuttings fromCalliandra calothyrsus andGliricidia sepium into leaf-only, twig-only, and mixed (leaf + twig) fractions and incubated them with moist soil in the laboratory. Soil extractable inorganic N did no differ among treatments after two weeks, but after four and eight weeks was greatest in leaf-only, and least in twig-only treatments. After two weeks, extractable N from the leaf-only treatment rose steadily, while that from the twig-only and mixed treatments was variable due to periods of net mineralization and net immobilization. The pattern of variation in mixed treatments paralleled that of twig-only, indicating that net immobilization in the mixture was largely caused by the presence of twigs. Extractable N from the mixture was somewhat lower than that predicted from the sum of leaf-only and twig-only treatments. We conclude that twigs in green manure reduce short-term N availability to associated crops in agroforestry systems.     

不同生境香果树种群的径级结构与分布格局

应用"相邻格子法"对不同生境下的香果树种群进行每木调查,获得野外资料.采用空间代替时间的方法,研究香果树的径级结构和分布格局,以及应用泊松方差/均值比、负二项式分布、Lloyd平均拥挤度指数和聚块指数4个指标分析其种群格局状况.结果表明:不同生境下的香果树径级结构具有较大的相似性--均缺乏幼苗和幼树,种群呈衰退趋势;不同生境下的香果树种群聚块规模为8～32 m2;种群的空间分布格局主要为集群分布;格局动态明显呈现由集群分布到随机分布的扩散趋势.建议采取相应的措施保护母树,尤其是20年生以上的母树;还应加强对种子及幼苗生长动态变化的研究.